Which entity was created to address the division of power between the states and the national government in the new Constitution?

The correct choice is federalism, as it is the foundational concept established in the Constitution that outlines the division of power and responsibilities between the national and state governments. Federalism creates a system in which both levels of government operate independently but also collaboratively, allowing for a balance of power. This framework was designed to prevent any single entity from becoming too powerful while ensuring that various government functions could be managed effectively at different levels.

In crafting the Constitution, the framers sought to address the concerns that arose under the Articles of Confederation, where states held most of the power, leading to a disorderly and ineffective governance structure. By implementing federalism, the Constitution delineates specific powers for the national government, reserves others for the states, and allows for concurrent powers, thereby permitting both levels of government to function within their own spheres of authority.

This balance is crucial for maintaining order, protecting individual rights, and addressing the needs of a diverse population across various states. Other choices, while they represent branches of government, do not primarily concern themselves with the overarching structure of power distribution like federalism does.