What term describes a legal case involving allegations of a crime against an individual?

The term that describes a legal case involving allegations of a crime against an individual is "criminal case." In the criminal justice system, crimes are generally characterized as offenses against the state or the public, which means that the prosecution is conducted by the government rather than by the victim of the crime. This type of case can involve serious allegations such as theft, assault, or murder, and is usually prosecuted by a lawyer who represents the state. The purpose of a criminal case is to determine whether the accused person has committed the crime and to impose penalties such as imprisonment, fines, or community service if they are found guilty.

This distinction is essential in understanding the broader legal framework, as it separates criminal cases from civil cases, which involve disputes between individuals or entities over rights, obligations, or liabilities rather than allegations of criminal behavior.