What principle allows states to govern themselves independently from the federal government?

The principle that allows states to govern themselves independently from the federal government is federalism. This system divides power between the national and state governments, granting each level of government specific powers and responsibilities. Federalism enables states to establish their own laws and policies in areas such as education, transportation, and law enforcement while still being part of the overarching federal system.

This framework is designed to accommodate the diverse needs and preferences of different states, allowing for local governance that reflects the unique characteristics of each state's population. By balancing power between state and federal authorities, federalism fosters a sense of autonomy for states while still maintaining a unified national policy in matters such as defense and foreign affairs.